The path to proving that SAT is NP complete (through Bounded tiling) is taken from Elements of the Theory of Computation (Lewis and Papadimitriou, second edition, call number QA 267 .L49 1998). Note that Cormen et. al. use satisfiability of Boolean circuits (CIRCUIT-SAT) instead. The proof that Bounded tiling is NP-complete is simpler and more intuitive (hence my choice for this course). This being said, CIRCUIT-SAT is interesting in practice (as opposed to Bounded tiling) and the reduction presented in Cormen et. al. starts from the RAM rather than the Turing machine so it is all well worth reading. It is worth mentioning that Cook proved that SAT is NP-complete from scratch (without going through any intermediate problem).
The second part of the notes discusses a number of proofs of NP-completeness which are taken from Cormen et. al. The authoritative source of NP-complete problems is Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness by Garey and Johnson (available in the library).
The original paper by S. A. Cook is available directly from its author here. Here is a version retyped using a modern typesetting system and so much more readable.
A much more detailed presentation of approximation schemes can be found in Approximation Schemes - A Tutorial by Schuurman and Woeginger. Many other papers on the matter exist (Google is your friend). It is worth noting that most presentations on the matter start from the Knapsack problem.
I do not have a definite reference for backtracking or branch and bound, but virtually all AI textbooks cover them. Here are some references: Chapter 2: Backtracking from Algorithms by J. Erickson for backtracking and Branch and Bound Algorithms - Principles and Examples by J. Clausen for branch and bound.
Applying backtracking on the kind of problems already discussed in class can also be seen in Algorithms and Complexity by H. S. Wilf. His Chapter 5 covers the whole matter discussed so far in the course so it may be interesting as an alternate point of view to the whole section on NP-completeness and approximation algorithms.
An excellent overview of convex hull algorithms is Lecture 3: More Convex Hull Algorithms by David M. Mount, which also includes a detailed discussion on lower bounds (only available through the Way Back Machine these days; a somehow simplified version is shown in (the second part of) Lecture 3 and Lecture 4 from CMSC 754: Computational Geometry by the same David M. Mount). These documents present Quickhull directly with the Akl-Toussaint optimization. Quickhull is introduced in The quickhull algorithm for convex hulls by C. Barber Bradford, D. P. Dobkin, and H. Huhdanpaa (ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 22:4 (1996), 469-483). The Akl-Toussaint heuristic is introduced in A fast convex hull algorithm by (you guessed it) S. G. Akl and G. T. Toussaint (Information Processing Letters, 7 (1978), 219-222) which unfortunately does not appear to be available on line. The original paper actually presents a complete algorithm for finding the convex hull. The performance of the algorithm is further studied in A note on linear expected time algorithms for finding convex hulls by L. Devroye and G. T. Toussaint, (Computing, 26 (1981), 361-366).
The Wikipedia pages for gift wrapping, Graham scan, Quickhull, and Chan's algorithm are not bad at all and also provide cute animated demonstrations of the respective algorithms.
As a motivating example of parallel approaches to algorithm design these lectures also cover Chapter 4 up to Section 4.8 (inclusive).
A substantially more in-depth discussion on this matter is Limits to Parallel Computation: P-Completeness Theory by R. Greenlaw, H. J. Hoover, and W. L. Ruzzo (Oxford University Press, 1995). This book presents the complete picture (though a bit of background from Parberry is still useful even if not strictly required) including a compendium of P-complete (and thus probably non-parallelizable) problems.
Summary on parallel computation: Here is a writeup on parallel computation that covers the whole second half of the term. While it does not contain much additional information compared to the lecture notes, this information is presented in a possibly more convenient format.
My lectures are recorded, as follows: